The paper Michael cites relates specifically to visual observations by Max Beyer, and considers whether he used direct or averted vision. An argument ensured between these authors and Brad Schaefer about this in a series of papers that pretty much ended up inconclusive. Berto: remember that photographic observations can be done in other than blue light. The data mentioned in the 1937C paper relate to photos taken on yellow-sensitive films. Similarly, Takamizawa's data are always reported as "photographic", but are actually fairly close to standard V since he's using Tri-X with a with a pale filter. They should be noted as "photo-visual" (pv). Given that an increasing number of chart sequences show standard V magnitudes, I wonder if anyone has tried matching their visusal system more closely to it by always making estimates with a light yellow filter, something like a Wratten 8 or equivalent, which would cut off whatever blue sensitivity the eye might have that's outside the V bandpass. One could presumably make tests to see whether this produced more consistent results than not using such a filter. \Brian